Outcomes by disease onset, sex, and intervention in neonates with SIP and surgical NEC

Background Outcomes of infants following surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) categorized by the age of onset, interventions, and sex are not well defined. Methods Retrospective comparison of infants categorized by age of onset (NEC at <10, 10–20, and >20 days) and SIP at <7 versus ≥7 days), sex, and intervention [Penrose Drain (PD) vs. laparotomy]. Results A total of 114 infants had NEC and 37 had SIP. On multinomial logistic regression, infants with NEC/SIP onset >20 days had significantly lower odds of small bowel involvement (aOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.33, p = 0.001), higher necrosis (aOR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.34–9.65, p = 0.012) and higher CRP ( p = 0.004) than onset <10 days. Initial laparotomy was associated with more bowel loss (24.1 cm [12.3; 40.6] vs.12.1 [8.00; 23.2]; p = 0.001), small and large intestine involvement (47.1% vs 17.2%; p = 0.01), and ileocecal valve resection (42% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.036) than initial PD therapy. Females underwent fewer small bowel resections (52.3% vs 73.6%; p = 0.025) but had higher surgical morbidity (53.7% vs. 24.7%.; p = 0.001) than males. Conclusion Clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentation and outcomes in preterm infants with surgical NEC/SIP are associated with age of disease onset, sex, and initial intervention. Impact Neonates with surgical NEC onset >20 days had more severe necrosis, inflammation, kidney injury, and bowel loss than those with <10 days. Initial laparotomy was associated with later age onset, more bowel loss, and ileocecal valve resection compared to initial PD treatment, but not with differences in mortality or length of stay. Female sex was associated with lower maturity, more placental malperfusion, less often small bowel involvement, lower pre-NEC hematocrit as well as higher surgical morbidity than males. Whether the management of surgical NEC and SIP should differ by the age of onset requires further investigation.