Sol-Gel Barium Titanate Nanohole Array as a Nonlinear Metasurface and a Photonic Crystal

The quest of a nonlinear optical material that can be easily nanostructured over a large surface area is still ongoing. Here, we demonstrate a nanoimprinted nonlinear barium titanate 2D nanohole array that shows the optical properties of a 2D photonic crystal and a metasurface, depending on the direction of the optical axis. The challenge of nanostructuring the inert metal-oxide is resolved by direct soft nanoimprint lithography with sol-gel derived barium titanate enabling critical dimensions of 120 nm with aspect ratios of five. The nanohole array exhibits a photonic bandgap in the infrared range when probed along the slab axis, while lattice resonant states are observed in out-of-plane transmission configuration. The enhanced light-matter interaction from the resonant structure enables to increase in the second-harmonic generation in the near-ultraviolet by a factor of 18 illustrating the potential in the flexible fabrication technique for barium titanate photonic devices. A direct nanoimprint lithography is proposed as a scalable fabrication platform of nonlinear barium titanate photonic devices. A two-dimensional nanohole array is produced and characterized to confirm behavior as a photonic crystal and a nonlocal resonant metasurface with over an order of magnitude second harmonic generation enhancement. image