How to decentralize the internet: A focus on data consolidation and user privacy

Over the years, the Internet has become a field in which a small number of large Internet companies dominate most of the Internet services. As users get used to using their services, the users’ generated content and the data about their online behaviors are concentrated in such companies. This phenomenon, called “data consolidation”, has become a serious problem, which makes the Internet society seek to decentralize the current Internet. The decentralized Internet aims to (i) prevent the concentration of user data in a few giant companies like Google and Facebook, and (ii) give users full ownership and control of their data. Various technical solutions that address the data consolidation problem have been proposed; however, those solutions focus on somewhat different scopes of the problem often from their limited viewpoints. The main contributions in this paper are the following. First, we survey the solutions relevant to Internet decentralization based on the following criteria: data consolidation, data ownership, and the privacy of user data. Second, we suggest a holistic reference framework from a functional viewpoint, while the prior proposals in the literature handle a limited set of requirements. Last, we seek to identify remaining research issues, considering additional requirements that have not been addressed in the existing solutions.