Impact of chemicals and physical stressors on horizontal gene transfer via natural transformation

Contaminants in the environment can increase natural transformation rates in bacteria. However, the co-occurrence of a large suite of contaminants may result in final transformation rates that are not based on the geometric addition of individual responses. Here we show that the combination of different chemicals and physical stressors results in natural transformation that do not always follow geometric additive responses. Specifically, some combinations increased transformation rates synergistically, while others decreased rates antagonistically. Unpredictability in the natural transformation outcome was also observed when Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 was exposed to chlorinated reclaimed water. We determined that the stimulatory effect of contaminants on natural transformation can be compensated when extracellular DNA concentrations fall below 0.1 ng l −1 per 2 × 10 7 cells. Thus, wastewater treatment process that can minimize concentrations of extracellular DNA and cell load would be a key intervention strategy to minimize natural transformation frequency arising from the use of treated wastewater.