Human in the AI loop via xAI and Active Learning for Visual Inspection

Industrial revolutions have historically disrupted manufacturing by introducing automation into production. Increasing automation reshapes the role of the human worker. Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence open new frontiers of human-machine collaboration. In this chapter, we first describe Industry 5.0, human-machine collaboration, and state-of-the-art regarding quality inspection, emphasizing visual inspection. We then provide our perspective on how human-machine collaboration could be realized and enhanced in visual inspection. Finally, we share some of the results obtained in the EU H2020 STAR project regarding visual inspection, considering artificial intelligence, human digital twins, and cybersecurity.