Human papillomavirus spectrum of HPV-infected women in Nigeria: an analysis by next-generation sequencing and type-specific PCR

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer are leading health problems and causes of death in many parts of the world. There are ~ 200 HPV types that can infect humans. This study aims to understand the spectrum of HPV infections in Nigerian women with normal or abnormal cytology. Methods We screened cervical samples from 90 women with possible HPV infections collected in two regional hospitals in Nigeria. The first screening was done using next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS), identifying multiple HPV types in many samples. Thereafter, type-specific PCR analysis was used to verify the NGS-identified HPV types in each sample. Results NGS analysis of the 90 samples from the Nigerian cohort identified 44 HPV types. The type-specific PCR confirmed 25 HPV types out of the 44 HPV types detected by NGS, and ~ 10 of these types were the most prevalent. The top five prevalent types found in the Nigerian cohort were HPV71 (17%), HPV82 (15%), HPV16 (16%), HPV6 (10%), and HPV20 (7%). Among the PCR-confirmed HPV types, we found 40.98% high-risk HPV types, 27.22% low-risk HPV types, and 31.15% undetermined HPV types. Among these 25 HPV types in Nigeria, only six were included in the current nine-valent HPV vaccine. We also observed strikingly high multiple HPV infections in most patients, with as many as nine HPV types in a few single samples. Conclusions Our NGS-PCR approach of HPV typing in the Nigerian cohort samples unveiled all possible HPV types currently circulating in Nigerian people. We confirmed 25 HPV types using NGS and PCR, with many samples infected with multiple HPV types. However, only six of these types are part of the nine-valent HPV vaccines indicating the need to develop region-specific selective vaccines.