Bipolar Biogeographical Distribution of Parafrancisella Bacteria Carried by the Ciliate Euplotes

Parafrancisella adeliensis , a Francisella -like endosymbiont, was found to reside in the cytoplasm of an Antarctic strain of the bipolar ciliate species, Euplotes petzi . To inquire whether Euplotes cells collected from distant Arctic and peri-Antarctic sites host Parafrancisella bacteria, wild-type strains of the congeneric bipolar species, E. nobilii , were screened for Parafrancisella by in situ hybridization and 16S gene amplification and sequencing. Results indicate that all Euplotes strains analyzed contained endosymbiotic bacteria with 16S nucleotide sequences closely similar to the P. adeliensis 16S gene sequence. This finding suggests that Parafrancisella / Euplotes associations are not endemic to Antarctica, but are common in both the Antarctic and Arctic regions.