Risk factors for postoperative myocardial injury-related cardiogenic shock in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Background Myocardial injury-related cardiogenic shock (MICS) is significantly associated with poor outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery. Herein, we aimed to investigate the risk factor for postoperative MICS. Methods We performed a case-control study on 792 patients undergoing cardiac surgery from 2016 to 2019, including 172 patients with postoperative MICS and 620 age- and sex-matched controls. MICS was defined as composite criteria: a cardiac index of < 2.2 L/m 2 /min, arterial lactate levels of > 5 mmol/L at the end of the surgery, a vasoactive-inotropic score of > 40 at the end of the surgery, and a cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level of > 0.8 µg/L on postoperative day 1 (POD1) with an increase of > 10% on POD 2. Results A total of 4671 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in our hospital between 2016 and 2019 were included; of these, 172 (3.68%) had MICS and the remaining 4499 did not. For investigating the risk factors, we selected 620 age- and sex-matched controls. In the univariate analysis, MICS was significantly associated with death ( P < 0.05), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( P < 0.05), continuous renal replacement therapy ( P < 0.01), and ventricular arrhythmias ( P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetes mellitus (OR:8.11, 95% CI: 3.52–18.66, P < 0.05) and a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time of > 2 h (OR: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.94–5.15, P < 0.05) were associated with postoperative MICS. Moreover, long-time administration of preoperative calcium channel blocker (CCB) was associated with a less incidence of MICS (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05–0.27, P < 0.05). Conclusions Postoperative MICS is significantly associated with poor outcomes. Diabetes mellitus and long CPB time are associated with MICS. Preoperative CCB administration is associated with less incidence of MICS.