Clinical Applications of Four-Dimensional Flow MRI.

Four-dimensional flow MRI is a powerful phase contrast technique used for assessing three-dimensional (3D) blood flow dynamics. By acquiring a time-resolved velocity field, it enables flexible retrospective analysis of blood flow that can include qualitative 3D visualization of complex flow patterns, comprehensive assessment of multiple vessels, reliable placement of analysis planes, and calculation of advanced hemodynamic parameters. This technique provides several advantages over routine two-dimensional flow imaging techniques, allowing it to become part of clinical practice at major academic medical centers. In this review, we present the current state-of-the-art cardiovascular, neurovascular, and abdominal applications.