Microscopy-Based Tracking and Quantification Methods to Study Phagosome Resolution.

Phagosome resolution is a newly defined, terminal stage in the process of phagocytosis. During this phase, phagolysosomes are fragmented into smaller vesicles, which we called phagosome-derived vesicles (PDVs). PDVs gradually accumulate within macrophages, while the phagosomes diminish in size until the organelles are no longer detectable. Although PDVs share the same maturation markers as phagolysosomes, they are heterogeneous in size and very dynamic, which makes PDVs difficult to track. Thus, to analyze PDV populations in cells, we developed methods to differentiate PDVs from the phagosomes in which they were derived and further assess their characteristics. In this chapter, we describe two microscopy-based methods that can be used to quantify different aspects of phagosome resolution: volumetric analysis of phagosome shrinkage and PDV accumulation and co-occurrence analysis of various membrane markers with PDVs.