Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Objective The gut bacterial microbiota is altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the bacterial composition at each stage of CKD is unclear in these patients, including those receiving renal replacement therapy. We herein report the changes in the gut microbiota among patients with CKD. Methods A total of 93 individuals were recruited for the study. Seventy-three patients had stage 3-5 CKD, including those receiving renal replacement therapy (CKD group), and 20 were age- and sex-matched controls (CKD stage 1-2). The gut microbiome composition was analyzed using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based sequencing protocol. Results At the genus level, the butyrate-producing bacteria Lachnospira, Blautia, Coprococcus, Anaerostipes, and Roseburia were more abundant in the control group (linear discriminant analysis score of >3) than in the CKD group. Lachnospira was more abundant in the control group than in patients with CKD stage 3a. Compared to the control group, multiplex butyrate-producing bacteria were deficient in patients with CKD stage 3b-5D, including in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Conclusion Our findings highlight the fact that the gut bacterial composition, including butyrate-producing bacteria, deteriorates from CKD stage 3b. Even after renal replacement therapy, the bacterial composition did not change.