RNA-Sequencing Reveals Gene Expression and Pathway Signatures in Umbilical Cord Blood Affected by Birth Delivery Mode

Cesarean section (CS) confers increased risk of type I diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, overweight and obesity, etc., in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. To investigate the influence of CS on gene expression in cord blood, we have performed RNA-sequencing followed by single-gene analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, gene co-expression network analysis, and interacting genes/proteins analysis in eight full-term infants born by elective CS and eight matched vaginally delivered (VD) infants. Crucial genes identified above were further validated in another 20 CS and 20 VD infants. We found for the first time that mRNA expression of genes involved in immune response ( IL12A , INFG , IL1B , TNF , MIF , IL4 , CA1, IFI27, HLA-DOB and EPHB1 ) and metabolism ( DLK1 , CYP2A6 and GATM ) were significantly influenced by CS. Notably, serum TNF-α and IFN-γ were remarkably up-regulated in the CS infants ( p = 5.0 × 10 –4 and 3.0 × 10 –3 , respectively) compared to the VD infants. It is biologically plausible that CS may exert adverse impacts on offspring health through influencing expression of genes in the above processes. These findings will help understand the potential underlying mechanisms of the adverse health impacts of CS and identify biomarkers for future health of offspring born with different delivery modes.