Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Sensors in Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Review

With the rising diabetic population, the demand for glucosesensingdevices has also been on an increasing trend. Accordingly, the fieldof glucose biosensors for diabetes management has witnessed tremendousscientific and technological advancements since the introduction ofthe first enzymatic glucose biosensor in the 1960s. Among these, electrochemicalbiosensors hold considerable potential for tracking dynamic glucoseprofiles in real time. The recent evolution of wearable devices hasopened opportunities to use alternative body fluids in a pain-free,noninvasive or minimally invasive manner. This review aims to presenta comprehensive report about the status and promise of wearable electrochemicalsensors for on-body glucose monitoring. We start by highlighting theimportance of diabetes management and how sensors can contribute towardits effective monitoring. We then discuss the electrochemical glucosesensing mechanisms, evolution of such glucose sensors over time, differentversions of wearable glucose biosensors targeting various biofluids,and multiplexed wearable sensors toward optimal diabetes management.Finally, we focus on the commercial aspects of wearable glucose biosensors,starting with existing continuous glucose monitors, followed by otheremerging sensing technologies, and concluding with highlighting thekey prospects toward personalized diabetes management in connectionto an autonomous closed-loop artificial pancreas.