Tumor niches: perspectives for targeted therapies in glioblastoma.

Deciphering mechanisms of tumor heterogeneity and mapping tumor niche trajectories and functions will provide a foundation for the development of more effective therapies for GBM patients. In this review, we will discuss five different tumor niches and the intercellular and intracellular communications among these niches, including the perivascular, hypoxic, invasive, immunosuppressive, and glioma-stem cell niches. We will also highlight the cellular and molecular biology of these niches and discuss potential strategies to target these tumor niches for GBM therapy.