Insulin secretory actions of ethanolic extract of Acacia arabica bark in high fat-fed-diet induced obese type 2 diabetic rats.

Acacia arabica commonly known as "babul" has been widely used for the treatment of numerous diseases, including diabetes due to their potential pharmacological actions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the insulinotropic and anti-diabetic properties of ethanol extract of Acacia arabica (EEAA) bark through in vitro and in vivo studies in high fat-fed (HFF) rats. EEAA at 1.6-5000 µg/mL significantly increased (p<0.05-0.001) insulin secretion with 5.6 mM and 16.7 mM glucose, respectively from clonal pancreatic BRIN BD11 β-cells. Similarly, EEAA at 10-40 µg/mL demonstrated a substantial (p<0.05-0.001) insulin secretory effect with 16.7 mM glucose from isolated mouse islets, with a magnitude comparable to 1 µM GLP-1. Diazoxide, verapamil, and calcium-free conditions decreased insulin secretion by 25-26%. The insulin secretory effect was further potentiated (p<0.05-0.01) with 200 µM IBMX (1.5-fold), 200 µM tolbutamide (1.4-fold), and 30 mM KCl (1.4-fold). EEAA at 40 µg/ml, induced membrane depolarization and elevated intracellular Ca2+ as well as increased (p<0.05-0.001) glucose uptake in 3T3L1 cells and inhibited starch digestion, glucose diffusion, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme activity, and protein glycation by 15-38%, 11-29%, 15-64% and 21-38% (p<0.05-0.001) respectively. In HFF rats, EEAA (250 mg/5 ml/kg) improved glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and GLP-1 levels, and lowered DPP-IV enzyme activity. Phytochemical screening of EEAA revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinone. These naturally occurring phytoconstituents may contribute to the potential anti-diabetic actions of EEAA. Thus, our finding suggests that EEAA, as a good source of anti-diabetic constituents, would be beneficial for type 2 diabetes patients.