Multi-Criteria Life-Cycle Assessment of bus fleet renewal: A methodology with a case study from Italy

•In the urban context, a transition to BEBs offer the best performances under a life-cycle environmental perspective.•A gradual transition to BEBs may allow financial savings (up to +9%) with increasing GHG emissions (up to +35%).•In the ex-urban context, there is still uncertainty about the most suitable technology for decarbonizing bus fleets.