Pesticide interference and additional effects on plant microbiomes

Pesticides are essential to modern human production activities, particularly those increasing global food production and quality; however, corresponding pesticide contamination is becoming more prominent. Plant microbiomes, containing different assemblages of microbial communities in the rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere, in addition to the mycorrhizal microbiome, substantially impact plant health and productivity. Therefore, the relationships among pesticides, plant microbiomes, and plant communities are important to evaluate the ecological safety of pesticides. To date, the majority of research efforts aimed at understanding the effects of pesticides on microbial communities have focused on single niche microbiomes. However, a comprehensive review of the effects of pesticides on microbial communities and co-occurrence patterns in different ecological niches is still lacking. This review fills this gap by providing an overview of the effects of pesticides on plant microbial communities across ecological niches. Specifically, we discuss the potential feedback and risks associated with these effects on plant health. Through a thorough examination of the available literature, we provide a comprehensive perspective of the impacts of pesticides on plant microbiomes, which may facilitate the development of effective strategies to mitigate these effects.