Determinants of antibiotic self-medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis

•Males are more likely to self-medicate with antibiotics than females.•Other patient-related factors are related to knowledge and beliefs about antibiotics, and health-seeking behaviors of patients.•Health system factors include easy access to antibiotics, healthcare costs, and low trust in and satisfaction with physicians.•Lack of access to and long waiting times at healthcare facilities are also linked to antibiotic self-medication.