Stress-related adaptations following loss of dopamine D1 receptors in cerebral cortical interneurons

The impact of sex on long-term outcomes after pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains unclear. We therefore examined the early and long-term outcome after PEA to determine whether sex had an impact on the risk of residual PH and need for targeted PH medical therapy.Retrospective study of 401 consecutive patients undergoing PEA at our institution between August 2005 and March 2020 was performed. Primary outcome was the need for targeted PH medical therapy postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included survival and measures of hemodynamic improvement.Females (N = 203, 51%) were more likely to have preoperative home oxygen therapy (29.6% vs 11.6%, p < 0.01), and to present with segmental and subsegmental disease compared to males (49.2% vs 21.2%, p < 0.01). Despite similar preoperative values, females had higher postoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (final total pulmonary vascular resistance after PEA, 437 Dynes∙s∙cm−5 vs 324 Dynes∙s∙cm−5 in males, p < 0.01). Although survival at 10 years was not significantly different between sexes (73% in females vs 84% in males, p = 0.08), freedom from targeted PH medical therapy was lower in females (72.9% vs 89.9% in males at 5 years, p < 0.001). Female sex remained an independent factor affecting the need for targeted PH medical therapy after PEA in multivariate analysis (HR 2.03, 95%CI 1.03–3.98, p = 0.04).Although outcomes are excellent for both sexes, females had greater need for targeted PH medical therapy in the long-term. Early reassessment and long-term follow-up of these patients are important. Further investigations into possible mechanisms to explain the differences are warranted.