Toxic effects of the wastewater produced by underwater hull cleaning equipment on the copepod Tigriopus japonicus

Unmanaged disposal of wastewater produced by underwater hull cleaning equipment (WHCE) is suspected to induce toxic effects to marine organisms because wastewater contains several anti-fouling compounds. To investigate the effects of WHCE on marine copepod, we examined the toxicity on life parameters (e.g. mortality, development, and fecundity) and gene expression changes of Tigriopus japonicus as model organism. Significant mortality and developmental time changes were observed in response to wastewater. No significant differences in fecundity were observed. Transcriptional profiling with differentially expressed genes from WHCE exposed T. japonicus showed WHCE may induce genotoxicity associated genes and pathways. In addition, potentially neurotoxic effects were evident following exposure to WHCE. The findings suggest that wastewater released during hull cleaning should be managed to reduce physiological and molecular deleterious effects in marine organisms.