The efficacy of high frequency petrological investigation at open-conduit volcanoes: The case of May 11 2019 explosions at southwestern and northeastern craters of Stromboli

Petrological studies of active volcanoes typically focus on eruptive phenomena occurring over long timescales of the order of days to years, aiming at identifying major changes in the physico-chemical state of magma during ascent towards the surface. Exceptionally, we present results from an integrated petrological and statistical approach based on the compilation of ∼5300 major and trace element data for glass and crystals, in combination with volcanological data on eruptive events occurred over timescales of minutes at Stromboli volcano (Sicily). On May 11, 2019, we had the rare opportunity to collect individual fresh fallout ash products from eighteen mostly consecutive explosions, erupted in a 2-h time span and, at the same time, to acquire continuous high frequency (50 Hz) infrared thermal data of the same explosions. Through video analysis, we observe that explosions were more frequent and ash-dominated at the southwestern crater area (SCA, 8–10 events/h) than at the northeastern crater area (NCA, 3–5 events/h), where coarser material was ejected. The statistical analysis of glass and plagioclase compositions reveals differences in the products erupted from the two crater areas. SCA explosions tapped less differentiated magmas (Mg#∼42–46, ∼257–365 LaN, ∼0.7–0.9 Eu/Eu*) in equilibrium with more anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼72–88), whereas NCA area explosions are more differentiated (Mg#∼40–44, ∼286–387 LaN, ∼0.6–0.8 Eu/Eu*) and in equilibrium with less anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼68–82). Thermometric calculations based on major and trace element clinopyroxene-plagioclase-melt equilibrium modeling highlight that the SCA explosions were statistically fed by hotter magmas in comparison to NCA explosions. Plagioclase-based diffusion modeling also indicates longer timescales for the dynamic ascent of NCA magmas, leading to preferential groundmass crystallization at the conduit walls and transition from sideromelane to tachylite groundmass textures. The final emerging picture is that in May 2019, concurrent normal eruptions from different crater areas at Stromboli were heralds of compositionally and thermally diverse magmas rising at different rates within the uppermost branched part of the conduit region. High frequency petrological investigations aided by statistical treatment of data have the potential to constrain dynamic conduit processes related to transient, explosive eruptions in persistently active volcanoes, thereby offering new insights on the interplay between magma dynamics, ascent timescales, and eruptive behavior.