Performance modulation and analysis for catalytic biomedical nanomaterials in biological systems

With the increasing development and applications of catalytic biomedical nanomaterials (CBNMs), fundamental questions, including how biological microenvironment influences catalytic ac-tivity and what are the behaviors and fates of CBNMs in vitro and in vivo , have attracted the attention of scientists. To address these questions, powerful analytical techniques are gradually employed to demonstrate in situ dynamic chemical information of CBNMs at different levels. Herein, we first introduce the factors regulating cat-alytic activity. We then detail analytical methods for CBNMs that focus on in situ monitoring of the catalytic reaction process and analyzing physiological fate of CBNMs at different levels. Finally, we discuss the outlook and challenges for the analysis of CBNMs. This review will show the powerful application of state-of-the-art analytical tools in studying physicochemical properties, catalytic mechanism, behaviors, and fates of CBNMs and their contribution to the rational design and better application of CBNMs in the future.