Managing pesticide resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda: A spatially explicit framework for identifying optimal treatment strategies

•Implementation of a spatially explicit framework on evolution of resistance to pesticides.•Sensitivity analysis to identify agroecological parameters that increase resistance.•Introduction of Pareto optimality to select the treatment strategies (windowing, subsequent, simultaneous).•Resistance management strategies must consider a number of factors, but windowing strategies seems to be quite generic.•The trade-off between competition and dispersal may limit or favor coexistence of multi-phenotypes.