Combined assimilation of hourly rainfall data and every 10-min AHI radiance with WRF 4DVar for the short-range heavy rainfall forecast in Eastern China

Rainfall observations and geostationary satellite water vapor radiances account for complementary humidity information over rainy areas and large-scale environments, respectively. This study investigates the simultaneous assimilation of China Hourly Merged Precipitation Analysis (CHMPA) data and clear-sky water vapor radiances provided by the Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) with Four-Dimensional Variational (4DVar) data assimilation method using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an hourly rapid-update cycling data assimilation configuration. The rapid-update 4DVar assimilation is configured as 10-min interval for AHI radiances and 1-h interval for CHMPA rainfall data in a same 1-h assimilation time window. Generally positive impacts from assimilating CHMPA rainfall and AHI water vapor radiance observations are achieved for the 12-h short-term precipitation forecast. Error reductions are found after assimilating CHMPA rainfall and AHI water vapor radiance observations for both analyses and forecasts when compared to ERA5 reanalysis. It is found that combined assimilation of CHMPA rainfall and AHI water vapor radiance data has clearly positive impacts on heavy rainfall forecasts. A heavy rainfall case that occurred in Jiangsu Province on 28 June 2020 is examined in details. The combined assimilation of infrared radiances from AHI water vapor channels together with CHMPA rainfall data improves the vertical and horizontal transport of humidity conditions, which better adjusts the humidity distribution. The over-estimation of rainfall forecast caused by the assimilation of CHMPA is alleviated. This result can provide reference for quantitative precipitation forecasts of regional numerical weather model.