Characteristics of total gaseous mercury at a tropical megacity in Vietnam and influence of tropical cyclones

Southeast Asia (SEA) has been suggested as a hotspot of mercury (Hg) emission worldwide but research on atmospheric Hg remains scarce in this region. This study reported monitoring data of total gaseous mercury (TGM) at Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), a tropical megacity in SEA. TGM was measured over a 6-month period (June–November) in 2022 during two distinct monsoon seasons in HCMC. The average TGM concentration at HCMC was 1.89 ± 0.55 ng m−3 being comparatively lower than other sites in East Asia. For seasonal variation, changes in air mass origins resulted in a nearly 50% more elevated TGM concentration during October–November (2.47 ± 0.56 ng m−3) as compared to June–September (1.71 ± 0.40 ng m−3). Meanwhile, planetary boundary height and anthropogenic activities were responsible for TGM diurnal variation. Both backward trajectory and PSCF analysis revealed East Asian outflow as an important factor contributing to higher TGM levels at the sampling site. This study identified two instances of tropical cyclones affecting HCMC. For the event in July, TGM concentrations decreased due to the increases in atmospheric disturbances and the contribution of marine air masses. On the other hand, for the event in October, the increase in TGM concentration was possibly due to the enhancement export of polluted air mass from continental East Asia, induced by the tropical cyclone. This study provided valuable atmospheric Hg data in SEA, propose further insight into regional Hg understanding and suggest the impact of monsoon influence on local and regional Hg pollution.