The influence of topography of stream bed with the clogging layer on the stream-groundwater interaction and the groundwater flow patterns beneath stream bed

<p>Studies have indicated that the streambed with the clogging layer affects the interaction between surface water and groundwater. When the streambed covered by a clogging layer, the decrease of the groundwater table can transform the state of stream-groundwater from the connection into disconnection. When the stream-groundwater interaction reaches the state of disconnection, the infiltration rate is independent with the groundwater level beneath the streambed. In this study, we show the effects of the topography of the streambed and clogging layer on the infiltration and groundwater flow patterns beneath the streambed by numerical simulations. The results show that the clogging layer and the change of topography of streambed affect the development of the unsaturated zone, flow path, and residence time beneath the streambed.</p>