Transcriptome analysis reveals that multiple metabolic pathways operate in Zea mays roots subjected to graphene

Abstract Background: To explore the effects and molecular mechanism of graphene on the growth and development of Zea mays L., the seeds were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups in this study, the roots of Zea mays L. seedlings were watered by different concentrations (0~100 mg/L) graphene. Results: By evaluating the root growth indices of maize, 50 mg/L graphene increased significantly the total root length, root volume, the number of root tips and root forks of maize seedlings compared with the control group. The contents of nitrogen and potassium in the soil around the roots were elevated after the treatment of 50 mg/L graphene. Then, we compared the transcriptome changes of Zea mays roots in response to 50 mg/L graphene treatment. Transcriptional factor regulation, plant hormone signal transduction, nitrogen and potassium metabolism as well as secondary metabolism in maize roots subjected to graphene showed significant up-regulated expressions, all of which might be related to mechanisms underlying graphene response. Based on qPCR validations, we proposed several candidate genes that might be responded to the graphene treatment in maize roots. Conclusion: The transcriptional profiles presented here provide a foundation for deciphering the mechanism between the graphene and maize roots interaction.