How much Io material reaches Europa?

<p>The plasma interaction with Io&#8217;s atmosphere results in at least a ton per second of escaping neutrals. Most of these neutrals supply extended neutral clouds along Io's orbit &#160;and eventually become ionized and accelerated to corotation with Jupiter, populating the Io plasma torus as well as spreading out to fill Jupiter&#8217;s vast magnetosphere. About half to two-thirds of the plasma torus ions charge-exchange with the extended neutral clouds &#160;and leave the torus as energetic neutral atoms, passing Europa&#8217;s orbit. Energetic neutrals are also produced directly in the plasma-atmosphere interaction, escaping with sufficient speed to reach Europa&#8217;s orbit before being ionized. The iogenic ions that are accelerated to high energies in the middle magnetosphere ultimately move back inward, again crossing Europa&#8217;s orbit. We present estimates of the fluxes of these various iogenic populations and how much oxygen, sulfur and sodium might be hitting Europa.</p>