Measurement Invariance of Family Functioning Among Latina/o/x Sexual Minority Youth and Heterosexual Latina/o/x Youth.

Positive family functioning is negatively associated with drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and depression; however, existing measures of family functioning were not specifically developed for Latina/o/x sexual minority youth (LSMY). This study examined the factor structure of family functioning and whether it is invariant across sexual orientation (i.e., LSMY and heterosexual Latina/o/x youth). Participants included 454 Latina/o/x youth (LSMY: n = 115, 25.3%). Results yielded a higher-order family functioning factor consisting of parental involvement, positive parenting, parent-adolescent communication, and parental monitoring. The model fit for the sample was acceptable (CFI/RMSEA = .91/.04) and configural invariance indicated that the model fit the data adequately in both groups (CFI/RMSEA = .87/.05). Fit of the metric invariance model (∆χ2 (42) = 54.83, p = .09, ΔCFI, ΔRMSEA, ΔTLI < .001) was not significantly worse than the configural model, however, the scalar invariance model (∆χ2 (42) = 80.18, p < .001, ΔCFI = .01, ΔRMSEA, ΔTLI < .001) was significantly worse than the less constrained models, suggesting that family functioning was noninvariant with regard to sexual orientation. Noninvariance may be related to the unique experiences of LSMY related to sexual orientation that are not captured in existing measures of family functioning.