Progress and challenges of mid-infrared spectroscopy for liver characterization focusing on steatosis, fibrosis and cancer

This review focuses on the latest developments in the characterization of liver abnormalities using infrared (IR) or Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and microspectroscopy. Results from preclinical and clinical studies show that these technological advances hold potential for the identification and characterization of liver abnormalities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fibrosis, and tumors, through analysis of body fluids or liver tissues. The review also discusses the potential of hyperspectral IR microscopy for liver spectropathology and identifies key factors that would facilitate the translation of this promising research into clinical applications, particularly in the field of liver transplantation.