Application of Color Doppler Ultrasound in Egyptian Buffalo Reproduction

THE Color Doppler ultrasonography is widely utilized in equines, dairy cattle, and small ruminants as a safe, non-invasive means of monitoring reproductive performance. Non-intrusive color Doppler ultrasonography was utilized to evaluate high-risk pregnancies and the health of the fetus. The alterations that take place in farm animals after giving birth are thought to be crucial in predicting future fertility. B mode ultrasonography has been applied in several studies on postpartum buffaloes. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive technique that can be used before, during, and after delivery. Using the uterine and umbilical arteries, it is possible to evaluate the perfusion of the uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flow in buffaloes. The motion of the transmitter and receiver affects the frequency of an ultrasonic pulse, which is a phenomenon called the Doppler Effect, and was initially described by Christian Doppler. Nowadays, the use of color Doppler ultrasonography has followed the same pattern as that of cows and other animals. Doppler ultrasound application's basis is likened to cows. The blood supply to the uterus is remarkably similar. Recent research have described the features of vaginal blood circulation in buffaloes throughout gestation and the early puerperium in addition to the uterine blood flow. The impact of vaginal blood circulation on buffalo fertility needs to be studied in the future. We highlight the different benefits of non-invasive color Doppler ultrasound applications in the buffalo's reproduction.