Effects of tricalcium phosphate-titanium nanoparticles on mechanical performance after friction stir processing on titanium alloys for dental applications

•FSW is mainly used for low melting point materials such as aluminum.•The choice proper tool geometry, rotational speed, tool speed, workpiece thickness, etc.•XRD and SEM were used to characterize the phase and morphology of the samples.•It was suggested that Ti-NP is welded on the substrate.•Welding parameters can be improved based on the volume of the joined area using various known methods.