Unveiling the mechanics of lunar regolith erosion through analysis of CE-4 and CE-5 landing images and fluid simulation

During landing, the plume from the lander erodes the regolith on the lunar surface, thus destroying the nature of this surface. Landing also provides an opportunity to extract the mechanical properties of the lunar regolith in situ and to study wind erosion on airless bodies such as the Moon. Our goal in this study is to quantify the interparticle force of the lunar regolith, the erosion depth, and other parameters and to test the reliability of the plume erosion model. The erosion depth provides the necessary reference information for the precise interpretation of scientific results obtained from returned samples. We measure the total mass of the lunar regolith mobilized by the plume during the Moon landing. This information is also helpful for future lunar missions. With high-quality data from the Chang’E-5 (CE-5) and Chang’E-4 (CE-4) missions, we measure the erosion depth and the total mass and combine the results with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to extract the interparticle force. We then test the plume erosion model according to the results from image measurement and CFD and propose a new formula with which to calculate the threshold friction velocity at which plume erosion is initiated. This calculation shows that the interparticle force for a 4-μm-diameter particle is 3.38–16.1 nN. The results also show that the CE-5 landing plume stripped away a 1.2-cm-deep layer of regolith, creating a ≈10-m-diameter crater on the lunar surface, and dispersed ≈441 kg of lunar regolith. Any analysis of a CE-5 drilling sample that is sensitive to the regolith depth must consider this 1.2-cm-thick eroded layer. When a plume erodes the lunar surface, the minimum shear stress required is much less than that predicted by the erosion model, which can no longer be used to predict whether erosion will occur.