Measurement report: Atmospheric fluorescent bioaerosol concentrationsmeasured during 18 months in a coniferous forest in the south of Sweden

Biological aerosol particles affect human health, are essential for microbial and gene dispersal, and have been proposed as important agents for atmospheric processes. However, the abundance and size distributions of atmospheric biological particles are largely unknown. In this study we used a laser-induced fluorescence instrument to measure fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations for 18 months (October 2020-April 2022) at a rural, forested site in Sweden. The aim of this study was to investigate FBAP number concentrations ( NFBAP) over time and analyze their relationship with meteorological parameters. NFBAP was highest in summer and lowest in winter, exhibiting a similar to 5-fold difference between these seasons. The median NFBAP was 0.0050, 0.0025, 0.0027, and 0.0126 cm(-3) in fall, winter, spring, and summer, respectively, and constituted similar to 0.1-0.5% of the total supermicron particle number concentration. NFBAP was dominated by the smallest measured size fraction (1-3 mu m), suggesting that the main portions of the biological particles measured were due to single bacterial cells, fungal spores, and bacterial agglomerates. NFBAP was significantly correlated with increasing air temperature ( P<0 :01) in all seasons. For most of the campaign NFBAP was seen to increase with wind speed ( P<0 :01), while the relationship with relative humidity was for most of the campaign nonsignificant (46 %) but for a large part (30 %) negative ( P<0 :05). Our results indicate that (N)FBAP was highest during warm and dry conditions when wind speeds were high, suggesting that a major part of the FBAP in spring and summer was due to mechanical aerosol generation and release mechanisms. In fall, relative humidity may have been a more important factor in bioaerosol release. This is one of the longest time series of atmospheric FBAPs, which are greatly needed for estimates of bioaerosol background concentrations in comparable regions.