Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) of Denitrification-Driven Microbial Activity in Column Experiments Packed With Calcareous Aquifer Sediments

Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) has been suggested as a non-invasive monitoring proxy for microbial processes. Under natural conditions, however, multiple and often coupled polarization processes co-occur, impeding the interpretation of SIP signals. In this study, we analyze the sensitivity of SIP to microbially-driven reactions under quasi-natural conditions. We conducted flow-through experiments in columns equipped with SIP electrodes and filled with natural calcareous, organic-carbon-rich aquifer sediment, in which heterotrophic denitrification was bio-stimulated. Our results show that, even in the presence of parallel polarization processes in a natural sediment under field-relevant geochemical conditions, SIP is sufficiently sensitive to microbially-driven changes in electrical charge storage. Denitrification yielded an increase in imaginary conductivity of up to 3.1 mu S cm(-1) (+140%) and the formation of a distinct peak between 1 and 10 Hz, that matched the timing of expected microbial activity predicted by a reactive transport model fitted to solute concentrations. A Cole-Cole decomposition allowed separating the polarization contribution of microbial activity from that of cation exchange, thereby helping to locate microbial hotspots without the need for (bio) geochemical data to constrain the Cole-Cole parameters. Our approach opens new avenues for the application of SIP as a rapid method to monitor a system's reactivity in situ. While in preceding studies the SIP signals of microbial activity in natural sediments were influenced by mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions, the imaginary conductivity changes measured in the biostimulation experiments presented here were dominated by changes in the polarization of the bacterial cells rather than a reaction-induced alteration of the abiotic matrix.