In-vitro investigation of endothelial monolayer retention on an inflow VAD cannula inside a beating heart phantom

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) provide an alternative solution to heart transplantation for patients with end-stage heart failure. Insufficient hemocompatibility of VAD components can result in severe adverse events, such as thromboembolic stroke, and readmissions. To enhance VAD hemocompatibility, and avoid thrombus formation, surface modification techniques and endothelialization strategies are employed.