Hepatitis B, C, and Delta in the General Population in Mayotte: Hepatitis B as a Major Public Health Concern

Abstract Background In the 15-69-year-old general population living in Mayotte, we estimated the prevalence of infections by hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV), and delta (HDV) viruses and the distribution of HBV status: current infection with positive HBs antigen (Ag); resolved infection with positive HBc antibodies and negative HBsAg; immunisation by vaccination with only positive HBs antibodies; and no infection/no immunisation with negative markers. We described the characteristics of infected people. We also assessed the determinants of HBV infection. Methods The Unono Wa Maore survey, implemented in a random sample of the general population in 2018–2019, consisted of an at-home collection of epidemiological data and venous blood samples. Detection of hepatitis B, C, and delta serological and molecular markers was performed. Determinants of lifetime HBV infection were assessed using Poisson regression models. Results Among 5,207 eligible people, 4,643 responded to the questionnaire (89.2%), with 2,917 being tested for HBV and HCV (62.8%). Estimated HBV status was as follows: current infection 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–3.9%) (n = 76); resolved infection 27.8% (95%CI: 25.8–29.9); immunisation by vaccination 27.7% (95%CI: 25.9–29.7); and no infection/no immunisation 41.5% (95%CI: 39.3–43.7). One participant was positive for HDV antibodies (Ab) (0.65%) with a negative HDV-RNA viral load. The risk of lifetime HBV infection was higher in men (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.55, 95%CI: 1.29–1.89); in people aged 30–49 years (aPR: 3.83, 95%CI: 1.49–9.81) or 50–69 years (aPR: 4.52, 95%CI: 1.77–11.53) compared to those under 20; in individuals who reported no condom use during their first sexual intercourse (aPR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.01–2.14); and in those living in Dembeni-Mamoudzou (aPR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.09–1.80) compared to the West-Centre of Mayotte. Finally, six individuals were positive for HCV antibodies (0.21%), including three positive for HCV RNA. Conclusions Mayotte is an area of intermediate endemicity for HBV and low endemicity for HCV and HDV. With a prevalence of HBsAg 10 times higher than in mainland France, a high proportion of people susceptible to HBV infection, and a demographic, health, and social context that may favour its transmission, hepatitis B is a major public health concern in Mayotte.