Bradykinin and Galectin-3 in Survived and Died Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia: An Increasingly Promising Biochemical Target

Abstract Still, there are no curative or preventive strategies for COVID-19, noting the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infections for the rational development of pharmacological protocols. Considering the proinflammatory, oxidative and other roles of BK and Galectin-3, it is more than relevant to investigate the clinical repercussion of that molecules in patients who survived and died after COVID-19 confirmed pneumonia. This was prospective cross-sectional study which included 47 adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and with criteria for hospital treatment who are admitted to tertiary Clinical Center “Bezanijska kosa” during June of 2021. Our study strongly supports the bradykinin storm hypothesis which underlying in many of COVID-19 fatal outcomes. In that sense, future therapeutical strategies must be focused on reducing a bradykinin serum concentration in COVID-19 patients. “Bradykinin storm” and oxidative stress in patients with fatal outcome are probably responsible for the overactive inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients and resulting symptoms. Understanding the mechanisms by which the two storms, bradykinin and cytokine, affect the body, separate or together, is crucial to mitigating the pandemic’s effect, saving lives, and producing effective treatments that we presently lack.