Carcinoma gallbladder: a review article

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the third most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract malignancies worldwide. Due to bad prognosis associated with the aggressive nature of the tumor, deficiency of sensitive screening evaluating tools for timely detection give rise to late diagnosis at advanced stage. The only curative treatment for gallbladder malignancy is surgical resection. This article supplements to the body of former literature in GBC to augment understanding of this rare but surely a curable disease. Carcinoma gallbladder having Stage I and II is unquestionably resectable with therapeutic goal. But, because of high percentage of recurrence, adjuvant therapy comes in combined form of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. Chemotherapy regimens using gemcitabine have revealed a better effectiveness over 5 fluorouracil (5- FU) regimens. In order to improve the local disease control and to decrease the distant recurrences it is better if combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is given in the patients where it is achievable. Various molecular variations can be used as a marker for the gallbladder cancer, and Several molecular changes are detected in gallbladder cancer, but yet it is difficult to find out the ones which are the predominate one or directs the neoplastic process and to differentiate them from the other non-dominated genes. Immunotherapy is a form of therapy that promotes the immune system of an individual to identify and destroy the cancer cells that cannot be tackle by the surgery or have widely metastasized. Currently chemotherapy is the mainstay treatment for patients with advanced GBC. Similar to the immunotherapy, target therapy is used to treat the carcinoma gallbladder that is beyond the scope of surgery and have widely spread, they precisely target certain mutations that makes the tumour cell different from the normal healthy cells.