Principles of genome editing and its applications in fisheries

The discovery and unprecedented development of genome editing technologies has transformed bioscience research and biotechnological applications in almost all organisms. Fish sector is no exception. In this chapter, we first discuss the basis of genome editing and briefly represent different tools available for targeted genetic modifications. Special emphasis is given to clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9–mediated knockout tool, base editing, and prime editing tools. We also present an update of the status of application of these tools in model fish and farmed fish. Potential application in basic research and aquaculture has also been reviewed. In addition, we highlight the challenges to apply genome editing tools and possible way to overcome the hurdles.