Non-triplet genetic code inEuplotesciliates is a result of neutral evolution

Although several variants of the standard genetic code are known, its triplet character is universal with an exception in ciliatesEuplotes, where stop codons at internal mRNA positions specify ribosomal frameshifting. How didEuplotesspp. evolved and maintained such an unusual genetic code remains a mystery. To investigate these questions, we explored the evolution of frameshifting occurrence in Euplotes genes. We sequenced and analyzed several transcriptomes from differentEuplotesspp to characterize the gain-and-loss dynamics of frameshift sites. Surprisingly, we found a sharp asymmetry between frameshift gain and frameshift loss events with the former exceeding the latter by about 10 folds. Further analysis of mutation rates in protein-coding and non-coding regions revealed that this asymmetry is expected based on single nucleotide mutation rates and does not require positive selection for frameshifting. We found that the number of frameshift sites inEuplotesspp is increasing and is far from the steady state. The steady equilibrium state is expected in about 0.1 to 1 billion years leading to about a 10 fold increase in the number of frameshift sites in Euplotes genes.