Outlook of biohydrogen from waste: quo vadis?

The consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of organic wastes have brought serious environmental problems, and the reuse of organic wastes for biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation is sustainable and environmentally friendly. Through some pretreatment methods, simple carbohydrate can be extracted from organic wastes to be as carbon source for hydrogen production bacteria to produce clean renewable energy at normal temperature and pressure, such as hydrogen energy. Different kinds of organic wastes have different structures and compositions; how to realize the efficient conversion of substrates with low cost attracts much more attention. It is the basis for commercial hydrogen production by microbial fermentation to understand the process mechanism and the key technical parameters. The development of a green hydrogen society largely depends on the future development of improving the composition of microbial communities and efficient use of energy in the short term. With the help of SWOT analysis tool, the advantages, disadvantages, bases, and threats of biological hydrogen production are analyzed, and the sustainable development direction of biological hydrogen production technology is put forward.