Evaluation of bioactivity and antibacterial properties of bioglass fabricated using a cellulose nano fibre template

Past research in the bio-templating field has shown the positive impacts of the presence of Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) as a template in the fabrication of bioactive glasses. SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O bioactive glass (BG) was prepared and templated with CNF via the sol-gel method. The key aim of the approach is to demonstrate that the incorporation of templated bioglass with different percentages of CNF promotes apatite deposition on samples and maintains anti-bacterial properties. In this study, these glasses were exposed to a simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for several periods to investigate in vitro bio-mineralization and biodegradation. To determine the hydroxyapatite (HA), samples were immersed in SBF under two treatments: no SBF refreshment or adjustment and refreshing SBF every 24 h to maintain a pH of 7.42. The result showed that the HA layer of samples without refreshment had better characterization than samples with a constant pH. The results of biodegradation revealed by increasing the percentage of template in bioglass structure, the chemical stability and the rate of degradation slightly increased across all time points. Antibacterial efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria was also assessed. As a result of the Ca2+ ion release from the samples, the viability of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria was significantly reduced. The result showed that the bioglass scaffold that was templated with 10% of CNF is the best candidate for bone repair based on apatite formation and antibacterial properties.