Effect of hydraulic binders on engineering properties of coal ash for utilization in pavement layers

Utilizing waste materials in road construction has become a compelling alternative owing to the availability of high-quality natural aggregates and the challenges associated with disposing of industrial waste. This study delves into the potential of class F fly ash from coal combustion, which is not self-cementing, requiring additional activators for stabilization. Activators such as lime, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and bottom ash were incorporated in diverse proportions. The experimental analysis included tests like modified Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and repeated load triaxial tests. Results revealed that the introduction of 1–3