Secondary Facial Gender Surgery: Causes of Poor Outcomes and Strategies for Avoidance and Correction
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery(2023)
摘要
Facial feminization surgery covers a broad spectrum of procedures across both hard and soft tissues. Despite the fact that this is a decidedly predictable surgery, because of the high demand for the procedures, a growing number of patients are requiring revision surgery, whether to correct unexpected results or to treat mid-term to long-term functional and aesthetic complications. This Special Topic article categorizes unsatisfactory outcomes encountered after forehead surgery, lower jaw surgery, and thyroid chondroplasty; key steps to avoid these pitfalls; and strategies for structured analysis and operative planning in revision cases.
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关键词
secondary facial gender surgery,poor outcomes
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