The birth of the Mesotethys ocean recorded in the Southern Pamir Triassic basalts  

<p>The Pamir orogen, the western extension of the Tibetan plateau, formed and uplifted due to Mesozoic terrane amalgamation and Cenozoic India-Asia collision. The Mesozoic history of the amalgamation of Gondwana-derived Cimmerian terranes to the southern margin of Eurasia that produced the crust of the Pamirs is poorly understood. The birth and demise of an oceanic basin that divided Central and Southern Pamir in the early Mesozoic is an example of a gap in the knowledge of Pamir orogen formation throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Termed Mesotethys, this ocean likely originated in the early Permian when the Cimmerian super-terrane broke from Gondwana's northern limit. Geochemistry of early Permian basalts suggests this rifting event was driven by a plume that generated a seamount or series of seamounts that accreted to the Central Pamir before the Mesotethys closed in the late Triassic. Vestiges of the Mesotethys are preserved in the Rushan - Pshart suture zone.&#160;&#160; This zone comprises Permian and Triassic marine sedimentary strata and thick layers of volcanic rocks, including the late Triassic basalts. This volcano-sedimentary sequence is intruded by the late Triassic &#8211; early Jurassic granites that have subduction-related affinity marking the closure of the Mesotethys. The current work focuses on the geochemical markers of late Triassic volcanism to evaluate whether a plume-related magmatic activity was responsible for the creation of the Mesotethys Ocean.</p> <p>Our preliminary geochemical results indicate that the SiO₂ content of basalts is low, ranging from 36.5 to 47.7 wt.%, which classifies the rocks as mafic and ultramafic. The rocks' TiO₂ concentration is exceptionally high, ranging from 1.9 to 4.4 wt.%, which is not typical of arc-related basalts and instead resembles oceanic island basalts. Concentration of Al₂O₃ (7.5-18.8 wt.%), Fe₂O₃ (8.3-16.3 wt.%), MgO (2.7 &#8211; 14.9 wt.%) and CaO (2.5 &#8211; 12.4 wt.%) likewise fluctuate in a large range. Alkalis also vary across a wide range (K₂O: 0.2 &#8211; 3.1 wt.%; Na₂O: 1.4 &#8211; 5.5 wt.%) and add up to values (1.7 &#8211; 7 wt.%) that define the majority of the examined samples (11) as alkali basalts, with three samples plotting below the sub-alkaline &#8211; alkaline dividing line. The rocks' relatively high P₂O₅ (0.2 to 0.6 wt.%) may further reflect their OIB affinity. Normalized to the primitive mantle, trace element patterns on spidergrams reveal a small enrichment of Large-Ion Lithophile Elements and depletion of High-Field Strength Elements. However, positive anomalies in Nb (14.3 &#8211; 29 ppm) and Ti rule out subduction as the cause of the rocks' formation. Moreover, high ratios of Nb/La (1.1&#8211;1.7) and La/Yb (6.9&#8211;15) also support the non-subductional origin of the basalts. Thus, our collected geochemical data reveal a striking similarity to the basalts of oceanic islands.</p> <p>&#160;</p>