Complete Low-Cost IoT Framework for the Indian Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is an essential part of developing countries’ economies. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors can provide data about agricultural fields and then operate based on human input. The IoT is cloud-based technology that allows for scalable management, data management, data security, data analysis, and more. The present IoT solutions are not suitable for the Indian agriculture sector due to it being very complex and not being cost-effective, which means it is not applicable to the reality on the ground. The existing IoT solutions employ paid network GSM/NB-IoT/4G/5G for sensor networks. In this chapter, a holistic affordable IoT framework focused on the agriculture Indian scenario is proposed. The IoT end nodes are battery-operated, and power consumption should be low and adopt low-power wide-area network technology. Cloud services included the weather department, agriculture scientists of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, e-mandi, the Indian market, the nearest point for selling, and so on. It also includes the monitoring of temperature, humidity, soil moisture, irrigation and insect and pest detection, actuator intervention, message notification for disastrous weather warnings, and expert advice for farmers. Crop monitoring via by using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. In future work, this framework can adopt edge and fog computing to improve more secure data management.