E-Trikes for Urban Delivery: An Empirical Mixed-Fleet Simulation Approach to Assess City Logistics Sustainability

•We developed a comprehensive approach to assess an e-trike last-mile delivery system•This approach can be generalized to evaluate alternative vehicle types in the fleet•Raw GPS data alone can provide rich context for last-mile delivery performance analysis.•Using e-trikes does not significantly increase the total costs of the system•Emission costs can be greatly reduced along with sustainability initiatives