Free Energy of Coupled Oscillators: Lamb Shifts and van der Waals Interactions

ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A(2023)

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摘要
The Helmholtz free energy of oscillators in thermal equilibrium with electromagnetic radiation is obtained from the Pauli-Hellmann-Feynman theorem and applied to some aspects of Lamb shifts and van der Waals interactions.
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关键词
coupled oscillators,van der waals interactions,lamb shifts,energy
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