High speed flows with particles on demand: Boundary conditions

The particles on demand (PonD) method is a new kinetic theory model that allows for simulation of high speed compressible flows. While the standard lattice -Boltzmann method is limited by a fixed reference frame, significantly reducing the range of Mach numbers, PonD takes advantage of adaptive reference frames to get rid of the restrictions of standard LB and is able to simulate flows at high speeds and with large temperature variation. Previously, PonD has been shown to be a viable alternative for simulation of flows with strong discontinuities and for detonation modelling. However, treatment of flows with complex boundaries has been lacking. Here, we present PonD augmented with a non -equilibrium extrapolation based boundary condition. We present several compressible test cases such as shock -vortex interaction in the Schardin's problem and supersonic flow over a two-dimensional cylinder at Mach numbers up to 5. We observe that the results agree well with literature, paving the way for a kinetic theory based approach for simulating compressible flows in realistic scenarios.